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Text book solutions.
1 . Fill in the blanks:-
a . The art form which observed carefully and tried to capture exactly what the eye saw is called the ____________.
Ans: idea of realism.
b . The style of painting which showed the Indian landscape as a quaint unexplored land is called _______________.
Ans: picturesque landscape painting.
c . Paintings which showed the social lives of Europeans in India are called ___________.
Ans: portrait painting.
d . Paintings which depicted scenes from British imperial history and their victories are called __________.
Ans: history paintings.
2 . Point out which of the following were brought in with British art:-
a . Oil painting.
b . Miniatures.
c . Life-size portrait painting.
d . Use of perspective.
e . Mural art.
YOU ARE READING: THE CHANGING WORLD OF VISUAL ARTS TEXTBOOK (NCERT) Questions and Answers of CBSE, Class 8, History Chapter-10
Ans: The following were brought in with British art:-
a . Oil painting.
c . Life-size portrait painting.
d . Use of perspective.
3 . Describe in your own words one painting from this chapter which suggests that the British were more powerful than Indians. How does the artist depict this?
Ans: Johann Zoffany was one of the famous European painters who was born in Germany and came to India for five years during 1780s . The “Aurial and Dashwood Families of Calcutta” was painted by him . This picture clearly shows that the British were more powerful than Indians.
4 . Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?
Ans: The scroll painters and potters of nineteenth century started moving from villages to Calcutta. The reason behind this was , at that time Calcutta was the main trading center and was expanding. Many new factories, buildings, roads , railway tracks were constructed and many new markets came up. It was a great opportunity for the artist to make profits. They mainly shifted to Calcutta in the desire of new clients who would pay more amount for their paintings.
Earlier, the scroll painters and potters painted the images of God and goddesses. Those images did not give a realistic look. After the 1840s there were rapid changes in the taste, customs, arts, etc. Hence, the artists also started changing their themes. They started painting the social life under the British colonial rule. The artist started taunting the new changes that the British rule brought in India. They also mocked the people who spoke English and those who were interested in the Western system. By their paintings, they depicted the anger of the common people towards the British.
YOU ARE READING: THE CHANGING WORLD OF VISUAL ARTS TEXTBOOK (NCERT) Questions and Answers of CBSE, Class 8, History Chapter-10
5 . Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings as national?
Ans: Raja Ravi Varma was one of the finest artists who created paintings that were modern as well as national. He belonged to the family of Maharajas of Travancore in Kerala. He was a master in Western art of oil painting and real-life study. And he mainly focused on mythological themes. He drew those images from the theatrical scenes of Ramayana and Mahabharata on the canvas. Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings became famous in the 1880s and were bought by many princes and other artists to decorate their walls with his art.
Ravi Varma’s paintings became popular day by day and due to this increasing popularity, he decided to establish a picture production house and printing press in downtown Bombay. His paintings were affordable and hence the poor could also buy them.
6 . In what way did the British history paintings in India reflect the attitudes if imperial conquerors?
Ans: History paintings depicted the various scenes of the British history which were related to the empire. Those paintings were extremely famous during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
The British victories in India were drawn by the history painters of Britain and those were highly prestigious as they represented the power of the British in India. Those paintings also represented that the British were more superior to the Indians. One of the best examples was painted by Francis Hayam in 1762.
YOU ARE READING: THE CHANGING WORLD OF VISUAL ARTS TEXTBOOK (NCERT) Questions and Answers of CBSE, Class 8, History Chapter-10
7 . Why do you think some artist wanted to develop a national style of art?
Ans: In Bengal a new group of artist gathered who disapproved the paintings of Raja Ravi Varma. They considered those paintings as copied and of western style. They thought that those paintings did not clearly represent the actual story of the past. So , they decided to support Abanindranath Tagore , the nephew of Rabindranath Tagore. Those nationalist artists felt that a true Indian painting should not follow the Western style and should try to recall the styles of the East . They encouraged the Indian tradition of painting such as miniature painting and the art of mural paintings which were found in Ajanta caves and disapproved the oil painting and the realistic styles of painting . They also showed interest towards the art which were created by the Japanese artist who toured India to establish Asian art movement.
During the 1920s, a new group of artists started to dominate. They rejected the popular arts created by Abanindranath Tagore. Some saw the arts from an emotional point of view and some found no spiritualism in that art. According to their thoughts, the artist should focus more on real-life instead of exaggerating the ancient arts. They should get inspired by folk art and tribal designs instead of focus on the ancient art forms. Many debates regarding art continued and many new styles of art came up.
8 . Why did some artists produce cheap popular prints? What influence would such prints have had on the minds of people who looked at them?
Ans: The religious paintings made by the artist of Kalighat were produced in a huge quantity. After the invention of mechanical press during nineteenth century those paintings were produced even in larger quantities. Hence , they were very affordable. Moreover, those religious paintings could bring positivity in the minds of the people. So, some artist produced popular prints at a very cheap rate.
Those popular prints influenced people in different ways. Some saw those prints from a positive outlook whereas some saw them from an emotional point of view. While the other group of people found no spiritualism in those images. They emphasized more on exploring the folk art or tribal designs rather than exaggerating the ancient art. They wanted the artist to create paintings that would represent real life. Hence different groups of people had different prospective regarding art.
YOU ARE READING: THE CHANGING WORLD OF VISUAL ARTS TEXTBOOK (NCERT) Questions and Answers of CBSE, Class 8, History Chapter-10
9 . Look at any of the art in your locality. Find out how it changed in the last 50 years. You may check who supports the artists and who looks at their art. Remember to examine the changes in style and themes.
Ans: Earlier, art was not much developed as it is today. Before the British colonial rule only few ancient artist drew paintings as there were only few materials available for painting. But after the British colonial rule many varieties of arts came up with developed techniques , materials etc. The oil painting, use of perspective, life-size portrait painting was introduced in India after the arrival of British. Many presses were also developed to produce those arts in large quantities.
Nowadays, art is more developed and with growing time it has become more elegant and beautiful. Many new varieties of art have developed like glass painting, folk art form painting, etc. All the equipment is available at a very affordable price so that everyone can do paintings. Many art schools and colleges have developed in India which helps the children in improving their artist skills. Moreover, art is now a big business. Earlier some fewer clients were interested in investing in paintings. But nowadays people are interested in buying portraits and use them for decoration purposes. Hence, art has developed a lot and will develop more in the upcoming future.